Tugas Kedua (Etika Profesi Akuntansi)

Softskill Kasus Etika Profesi by Asmi Nuqayah

Tugas Pertama (Etika Profesi Akuntansi)

PELANGGARAN ETIKA DI MASYARAKAT

1^st October 2014

Pada hari rabu tanggal 1 Oktober saya menjalankan kegiatan saya sehari-hari. Pagi hari saya berangkat ke kampus, saya menaiki angkutan umum untuk dapat sampai ke kampus J1. Saat itu angkutan umum yang saya naiki dikemudikan oleh seorang supir secara ugal-ugalan dan dalam keadaan mengebut. Ini jelas suatu pelanggaran etika dalam mengemudi, selain membahayakan semua penumpang yang ada di dalam angkutan tersebut, pengemudi juga membahayakan para pengendara lain di jalan itu. Selain itu pada sore harinya saya melihat seorang mahasiswi yang duduk secara sembrono, dia menggunakan rok pendek se-lutut namun dia duduk dengan tidak memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar yang melihatnya duduk dengan menampilkan pakaian dalamnya. Hal ini merupakan pelanggaran etika sopan santun, karena mahasiswi tersebut duduk tanpa memperhatikan norma sopan santun.

2^nd October 2014

Hari ini adalah hari kamis, pelanggaran etika yang saya temui dihari ini adalah yang pertama pada saat saya sedang berdiri untuk menunggu kaka saya. Seorang lelaki disamping saya dengan sengaja membuang ludah sembarangan di jalan umum, hal ini merupakan pelanggaran etika sopan santun dalam lingkungan. Lelaki yang membuang ludah sembarangan tersebut tidak memperdulikan orang lain disekitarnya yang merasa terganggu dengan sikapnya itu, terlebih membuang ludah sembarangan dapat menyebarkan penyakit  apabila terkena orang lain,  seperti influenza. Pada sore harinya saat saya ingin pulang kerumah, ada kejadian yang cukup mengejutkan, yaitu terjadi  tawuran pelajar SMP di jalan dan juga di rel kereta api. Tawuran tersebut memang lumayan sering terjadi, namun sangat disayangkan pelajar SMP yang masih sangat muda sudah menyianyiakan waktunya untuk tawuran. Selain itu, tawuran yang terjadi sangat mengganggu masyarakat sekitar khususnya pengguna jalan. Karena dengan adanya tawuran tersebut menyebabkan kemacetan panjang di jalan. Tawuran pelajar itu sendiri terjadi karena kurangnya etika yang di miliki oleh setiap pelajar.

3^rd October 2014

Jumat, 3 oktober. Saat saya berada di kampus saya melihat seorang mahasiswa yang entah secara sengaja atau tidak, dia membuang sampah kertas sembarangan saja di  lobby kampus tanpa memperhatikan di sebelahnya ada OB kampus yang sedang berusaha menyapu untuk membersihkan sampah-sampah yang tergeletak begitu saja di lobby kampus dan sangat mengganggu kenyamanan warga kampus lainnya. Perilaku mahasiswa tersebut merupakan pelanggaran etika lingkungan karena secara sengaja membuang sampah tidak pada tempatnya, padahal tempat sampah sudah disediakanoleh pihak kampus. Dan juga mahasiswa tersebut melanggar etika sopan santun karena secara tidak langsung telah memperberat pekerjaan OB kampus tersebut.

4^th October 2014

Hari sabtu, 4 oktober. Pada hari ini ada beberapa umat muslim yang sudah menjalani ibadah sholat Idul Adha. Pada hari ini, saat hendak ke kampus saya mampir ke supermarket untuk membeli minum. Saat saya sedang mengantri di kasir untuk membayar minuman, ada seorang ibu yang dengan sengaja tidak mengantri dan malah menyalip orang di depan saya saat ia hendak membayar belanjaannya. Ibu itu beralasan sedang terburu-buru dan dia langsung meletakkan belanjaannya di meja kasir untuk selanjutnya di hitung jumlahnya di kasir. Hal  ini merupakan pelanggaran etika dalam bermasyarakat, karena ibu tersebut mengambil hak orang lain yang telah terlebih dahulu mengantri. Lalu saat saya sedang di dalam kendaraan bersama teman saya, saya melihat ada seorang pengendara motor yang berkendara sambil menerima telepon. Hal ini merupakan pelanggaran etika dalam berlalu lintas, karena pengendara tersebut telah membahayakan dirinya sendiri dan orang lain yang juga sedang menggunakan jalan tersebut. Pada malam harinya saya menemukan pelanggaran etika yang dilakukan oleh salah satu provider telepon seluler, adik saya menerima sms dari operator telepon seluler tersebut yang berisi konten dewasa. Hal ini merupakan salah satu pelanggaran etika berbisnin yang entah memang disengaja atau tidak, karena provider tersebut tidak seharusnya mengirimkan pesan seperti itu kepada konsumennya. Walaupun kata-kata yang digunakan sangat sopan.

5^th October 2014

Hari minggu, umat muslim di Indonesia merayakan Hari Raya Idul Adha. Saya dan keluarga saya hendak pergi ke masjid terdekat untuk melakukan sholat Ied, namun ada hal menarik saat saya dan keluarga tiba di masjid. Ada seorang ibu dan anaknya, sang ibu sedang memarahi anaknya yang entah membuat kesalahan apa, anak tersebut menangis dengan kencangnya tetapi sang ibu malah memarahi anak tersebut dengan lebih kencang lagi. Hal ini merupakan pelanggaran etika sopan santun, karena sang ibu memarahi anaknya tidak melihat situasi dan tempat, terlebih lagi sang ibu memarahi anaknya dengan suara yang keras. Kejadian tersebut tentu mengganggu ke khusyukan ibadah orang-orang disekitarnya yang sedang ingin melaksanakan sholat Ied. Setelah sholat Ied saya sekeluarga pergi kerumah nenek saya di Bogor, dan saat kami di perjalanan  tiba-tiba saya melihat pemuda dan pemudi sedang berpelukan di jalan sambil bercanda, sang lelaki memeluk pinggang pacarnya di depan umum. Mereka seperti itu tanpa memiliki rasa malu, karena dilakukan di depan umum yang dapat di lihat oleh seluruh pengguna jalan. Hal ini merupakan pelanggaran etika sopan santun dan juga etika dalam agama, karena mereka melakukan hal tersebut yang pastinya sangat mengganggu orang lain yang melihatnya, terlebih lagi masyarakat Indonesia mayoritas memegang adat keTimuran.

6^th October 2014

Hari senin, saat saya hendak ke kampus J4 di Kemang Pratama saya menaiki ojek. Pada saat itu ojek yang saya tumpangi dikendarai oleh bapak-bapak yang sudah lumayan berumur. Awalnya bapak tersebut membawa motornya dengan perlahan dan tidak ugal-ugalan, lalu tiba-tiba bapak tersebut menaiki kecepatan motornya dan dikendarai secara ugal-ugalan. Bahkan hendak menabrak motor saat ojek tersebut mencoba menyalip mobil di depannya. Tukang ojek tersebut melanggar etika berlalu lintas karena telah membawa kendaraannya secara sembrono dan membahayakan penumpangnya. Bapak tersebut tidak memperhatikan kondisi fisik motor yang dikendarainya, motor yang dibawa bapak tersebut dapat dibilang “tua” dalam kondisi motor seperti itu, bapak tersebut mengendarai motornya secara tidak terkendali dan dapat membahayakan penumpangnya.

Tugas Softskill 3 (English Business 2)

READING COMPREHENSION

STRATEGIES FOR READING TEST:

Strategies for doing your best on the Reading Comprehension section are:
How to prepare for the Reading section
Keep following tips in mind:

1. Read Newspapers, magazines. Read whatever you can, whenever you can.
2. Practice skimming -reading some leaving some- so as to get the gist of the writing without reading all or major portion of the reading assignment.
3. Pay particular attention to new vocabulary words, including the use of prefixes, suffixes, and roots.
4. Practice determining the meaning of a vocabulary word from its context.

READING COMPREHENSION SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Questions 1-5 refer to the following story:

Line
	"Did you see that?" Joe said to his friend Bill. "You're a great shooter!"   Bill caught the basketball and bounced it before throwing it again. The ball flew into the net.   "Bill, you never miss!" Joe said admiringly.
5	"Unless I'm in a real game," Bill complained. "Then I miss all the time."   Joe knew that Bill was right. Bill performed much better when he was having fun with Joe in the school yard than he did when he was playing for the school team in front of a large crowd.   "Maybe you just need to practice more," Joe suggested.
10	"But I practice all the time with you!" Bill objected. He shook his head. "I just can't play well when people are watching me."   "You play well when I'm watching," Joe pointed out.   "That's because I've known you since we were five years old," Bill said with a smile. "I'm just not comfortable playing when other people are around."
15	Joe nodded and understood, but he also had an idea.   The next day Joe and Bill met in the school yard again to practice. After a few minutes, Joe excused himself.   "Practice without me," Joe said to his friend. "I'll be back in a minute."   Joe hurried through the school building, gathering together whomever he could find—two
20	students, a math teacher, two secretaries, and a janitor.
	When Joe explained why he needed them, everyone was happy to help.   Joe reminded the group to stay quiet as they all went toward the school's basketball court. As Joe
25	had hoped, Bill was still practicing basketball. He made five baskets in a row without noticing the silent people standing behind him.   "Hey, Bill!" Joe called out finally.   Bill turned. A look of surprise came over his
30	face.   "I just wanted to show you that you could play well with people watching you," Joe said. "Now you'll have nothing to worry about for the next game!"

1. What would be the best title for the story?

1. Joe Joins the Team
2. Practice Makes Perfect
3. Bill Wins the Big Game
4. Bill's Basketball Problem

2. In line 6, the word performed is closest in meaning to _______.

1. acted
2. played
3. moved
4. changed

3. Why is Bill upset?

1. He plays better in practice than he does during games.
2. The school yard is not a good place to practice.
3. Joe watches him too closely when he plays.
4. His team loses too many games.

4. Why does Bill play well when Joe is watching him?

1. He is comfortable with Joe.
2. Joe tells him how to play better.
3. He does not know that Joe is there.
4. He wants to prove to Joe that he is a good player.

5. Why does Joe decide to gather a group of people?

1. Because he wants more players for his team
2. Because he wants to help Bill feel less nervous
3. Because he wants to show them his talent
4. Because he wants more people to see the next game

Questions 6-10 are about the following passage:

Line
	When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it
	is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940,
5	the world was amazed. Painted directly on its walls were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than
10	300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals.    Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible walls but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing
15	steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex.    Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have
20	many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have
	destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years after it was discovered.

6. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

1. Wild Animals in Art
2. Hidden Prehistoric Paintings
3. Exploring Caves Respectfully
4. Determining the Age of French Caves

7. In line 3, the words pays heed to are closest in meaning to ______.

1. discovers
2. watches
3. notices
4. buys

8. Based on the passage, what is probably true about the south of France?

1. It is home to rare animals.
2. It has a large number of caves.
3. It is known for horse-racing events.
4. It has attracted many famous artists.

9. According to the passage, which animals appear most often on the cave walls?

1. Birds
2. Bison
3. Horses
4. Wild cats

10. In line 8, the word depict is closest in meaning to _______.

1. show
2. hunt
3. count
4. draw

Answer key for reading comprehension:

1. D
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. A

Source:

1. http://www.tcyonline.com/toefl/str_read.php
2. https://www.ets.org/toefl_junior/prepare/standard_sample_questions/reading_comprehension
3. https://www.ets.org/toefl_junior/prepare/standard_sample_questions/answer_key_reading_comprehension

Structure Of TOEFL (English Business 2) Softskill

STRUCTURE TOEFL

The Test Of English as a Foreign Language (or TOEFL, pronounced "toe-full") evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand standard American English at a college level. The Structure and Written Expression section contains sentences that test your knowledge of important structural and grammatical elements of standard written English.

The type of structure of TOEFL are so many, as follow:

   1. NOUNSà A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Categories Noun:

a)      Compound noun: A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general. There are several different types of compound noun, as follows:

·         Countable compound nouns: address book

·         Uncountable compound nouns: air conditioning

·         Singular compound nouns: cost of living

·         Plural compound nouns: armed forces

b)      Countable nouns: nouns are words which can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. They usually refer to things. Most countable nouns become plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end of the word.

Example: book ( I bought a book last week)

c)      Collective nouns: Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things.

For example: the jury is trying to make ecision now ß that can be follow with singular and plural verb

d)     Uncountable noun: nouns are words which cannot be counted. Therefore, they only have a singular form. They have no plural forms.

For example: I need a water (wrong)

I need some water (right)

    2.PRONOUNSà a pronoun is a word or form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form. There are several different types of pronouns, as follows:

a)      Subjective pronouns: Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number and case.

Example: Who is Mr. Black? à He is my new neighbour

b)      Possessive adjective:

Example: Singular ( This is my English dictionary)

Example: Plural ( These are our dictionaries)

c)      Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. Some occur as independent noun phrases: mine, yours,  hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Example : Singular (This dictionary is mine)

Example : Plural (These English novels are ours)

d)     Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself.

Example : I enjoyed  myself at the party last night

e)      Indefinite pronouns: Indefinite pronouns, the largest group of pronouns, refer to one or more unspecified persons or things.

Example : I didn’t see anything when I entered the house last night.

f)       Demonstrative pronouns: Demonstrative pronouns (in English, this, that and their plurals these, those) often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position

Example: This is a list of the new members.

    3.  HELPING VERBSà Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone.

a)      TO BE: AM, IS, ARE

Example : I am an employee

b)      TO BE: WAS, WERE

Example : I was an employee

c)      TO BE: BEING, BEEN

Example : I will be very busy tomorrow morning.

d)     TO BE + USED TO + NOUN/VERB-ING

Example : I am used to hot weather

Example : He is used to having breakfast before leaving for office

e)      THERE IS – THERE ARE

Example : There is a book on the table

Example : There are five books on that table

    4. TENSESà In grammar, tense is a category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. Tense is the grammaticalisation of time reference, often using three basic categories of "before now", the past; "now", the present; and "after now", the future

a)      Simple Present Tense:

Example: I study English on Monday and Thursday

b)      Present Continuos Tense:

Example: He is looking for his pen in that room

c)      Present Perfect Tense:

Example: We have occupied this house for 3 years

d)     Present Perfect Continuous

Example: Diana has been working for this company for 7 months

e)      Simple Past Tense

Example: We studied English last Tuesday afternoon.

f)       Past Continuous Tense

Example: We were having breakfast at 7 o’clock this morning

g)      Past Perfect Tense

Example: He had sold the car when I came too see it yesterday afternoon.

h)      Past Perfect Continuous

Example: Dhiana had been typing the monthly report for 2 hours at 11 o’clock this morning.

i)        Simple Future Tense

Example: I will spend my holidays in Bali next month.

j)        Future Continuous Tense

Example: I will be leaving for Surabaya by train if you come to my home at 7 o’clock tomorrow afternoon

k)      Future Perfect Tense

Example: They will have finished painting this building by the end of this month

l)        Future Perfect Continuous

Example: I will have been studying Englishfor there years by the time I am 25 years old

     5. ADJECTIVESà An adjective is a word that describes, identifies, modifies, or quantifies something (a noun or a pronoun). In the phrase, "the black cat" the word black is an adjective because it describes the cat. Categorise adjectives:

a)      Position Adjective: When adjectives come in a noun phrase they are normally immediately before the noun. Some adjectives are used alone after nouns.

Example: They live in a large house (attributive position)

Their new house is large (predicative position)

b)      Function Adjective:

Example: I still felt hungry after dinner

c)      Participle Adjective

Example: I was very pleased when I met her

d)     Demonstrative Adjective

Example: I am interested to buy this old shoes

e)      Formation of Adjective:

Example:

·         Noun + y : anger – angry

·         Noun + ful : power – powerful

·         Noun + al : crime – criminal

·         Noun + ous : danger – dangerous

·         Noun + less : taste – tasteless

·         Verb + able : obtain – obtainable

·         Verb + ive : talk – talkative

·         Im + adjective : possible – impossible

·         Ir + adjective : regular – irregular

·         Un + adjective : able – unable

·         Il + adjective : legal – illegal

·         In + adjective : capable – incapable

f)       Positive Degree: The positive form is the base form of the adjective.

Example: The man is as old as my father

g)      Comparative Degree: The comparative form expresses a higher degree of some quality.

Example:

-          English book costs Rp 30.000,-

-          History book costs Rp 25.000,-

Ø  The english book is more expenxive than the history book.

Or

Ø  The history book is cheaper than the english book.

h)      Superlative Degree: The superlative form expresses the highest degree.

Example:

-          The english book costs Rp 35.000,-

-          The history book costs Rp 25.000,-

-          The French book costs Rp 45.000,-

Ø  The history book is the cheapest of three books.

Or

Ø  The French book is the most expensive of the three books.

i)        Double Comparative

Example: As the police chased him, the man run faster and faster.

j)        The Same as – The Same – Similar

Example: your dictionary is the same as my dictionary

    6. MODAL AUXILIARYà A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses necessity, uncertainty, ability, or permission. The modal auxiliaries (or modals) include the following:

a)      Can – Could : I can translate this english novel into Indonesian.

b)      May – Might : You may come to my house if you have time.

c)      Must – Have To : I must help my parents in the garden every Sunday morning.

d)     Shall – Will : I’m very thirsty. I will drink a glass of water.

e)      Should – Ought To : We should respect our teachers.

f)       Would : What would you like to drink?

g)      Needn’t – Mustn’t : I needn’t have bought the apples because she had bought some.

h)      Had Better : You had better not leave this place before they come.

i)        Would Rather : We would rather take a taxi.

j)        Used To : My little sister used to study French.

     7.QUESTION WORD: We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). Categorise of question word:

a)      What – Who(m) :

-          What book?

-          Who did you meet at the party last night?

-          Whom did you meet at the party last night?

b)      When – Where :

-          When will your brother go to America?

-          Where do you study English?

c)      Which – Whose :

-          Which book do you want to take?

-          Whose umbrella did you borrow?

d)     Why – How :

-          Why do you study English?

-          How many students are there in that room?

    8. VERBSà Verbs are doing words. A verb can express a physical action, a mental action, or a state of being. The verbs which express a state of being are the ones which take a little practice to spot, but, actually, they are the most common. The most common verb is the verb to be. There are several different types of verbs, as follows:

a)      Infinitive : I was the first to come and the last to leave.

b)      Past Form : He took my money in the drawer.

c)      Past Participle : They have played for almost two hours.

d)     Present Participles : Tommy is repairing his car in the garage.

e)      Main Verb : The tallest student in Jane’s class has long black hair and blue eyes.

f)       Verb + To Infinitive : They decided not to continue the construction of the bridge.

g)      Verb + Gerund : The man denied taking all the money in this drawer.

h)      Verb Phrase + Gerund : My father gave up smoking because of his doctor’s advice.

i)        Verb + Infinitive or Gerund : It was beginning to rain when I left the office at 5 p.m yesterday.

     9. ADVERBSà An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker. There are several different types of adverbs, as follows:

a)      Adverb of Manner : He speaks honestly.

b)      Adverb of Frequency : She will never be late in the afternoon.

c)      Adverb of Certainty : The man probably knows the location of the accident.

    10. PASSIVE VOICEà Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

a)      Passive Voice in All Tenses : His father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple present tense).

b)      Passive Form of Modals : This novel can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.

     11.ARTICLESà The articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent.

a)      Indefinite Article a-an : A lion is a wild animal.

b)      Definite Article : She is the lady we met at the supermarket yesterday morning.

c)      Zero Article : Cat’s don’t like cold weather.

    12.CONJUNCTIONSà In grammar, a conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. There are several different types of conjunctions, as follows:

a)      Co-ordinating Conjunction: Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance.

Example : John and I are leaving early tomorrow morning.

b)      Subordinating Conjunction: Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinator, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and adependent clause.

Example : The man came after we had finished doing our job.

c)      Correlative Conjunction: Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.

Example : Brenda is either a typist or a secretary.

d)     Compound Conjunction

Example : He applied for a job in order that he could help his parents.

      13.PREPOSITIONSà A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example:

a)      Simple Preposition: about, above, across, after, etc.

b)      Compound Preposition: despite, beyond, upon, besides, etc

c)      Double Preposition: inspite of, due to, as regards, next to, etc

d)     Participal Preposition: regarding, barring, pending, during, etc

e)      Phrase Preposition: instead of, on account of, in line with, etc

     14.CONDITIONALà Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

a)      Conditional Clause Type 1: If I finish work early today, I will play tennis in the afternoon.

b)      Conditional Clause Type 2: If I had much money I would by a new car

c)      Conditional Clause Type 3: If I had had much money,I would have bought a new car

d)     As If – As Though: He speak as if he were my superior / He speak as though he were my superior.

e)      Wish: I wish she would tell me the secret.

     15.INDIRECT SPEECHà Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.

a)      Indirect Speech – Statement

Direct: Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a bookshop.”

Indirect: Jenni told me (that) she bought this dictionary at a bookshop

b)      Indirect Speech – Question

Direct: John asked me, “do you still take an English course?”

Indirect: John asked me if I still took an English course.

c)      Indirect Speech – Question Words

Direct: He said, “when did you buy this new car?”

Indirect: He asked me when I had bought this new car

d)     Indirect Speech – Command

Direct: The instructor said, “lie down on the grass?”

Indirect: The instructor told me to lie down on the grass.

     16.GERUNDà A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.

a)      Gerund as subject : Running in the morning is good for health.

b)      Gerund as a complement: One of her hobbies is collecting foreign stamps.

c)      Gerund as an object: My father likes hunting in the forest.

d)     Gerund after preposition: He was not capable of doing the work.

e)      Gerund after possessive adjective: His leaving will make them sad.

f)       Gerund after certain verbs: We kept hoping he would come last night.

g)      Gerund after the verb go: We usually go to fishing on Saturday afternoon.

h)      Passive gerund: This old television set needs repairing

i)        Gerund to show prohibition: No smoking!

    17.CAUSATIVEà The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. 

a)      Causative – Have: I have him repair the window.

b)      Causative – Get: I often get my little brother to clean his room.

c)      Causative – Make: The robber made the teller give him all the money in the drawer.

     18.ADJECTIVE CLAUSEà An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.

a)      Subject pronoun: who – which – that

Example:

-          The couple have two boys and two daughters.

-          They live next door.

Ø  The couple who live next door have two boys and two daughters.

Or

Ø  The couple that live next door have two boys and two daughters.

b)      Object pronoun: who – which – that

Example:

-          The man was my english teacher.

-          You saw him at the station last night.

Ø  The man who/whom you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.

Or

Ø  The man that you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.

c)      Using whose and where

Example:

-          The man is my next door neighbor.

-          His computer was stolen a few days ago.

Ø  The man whose computer was stolen a few days ago is my next door neighbor.

       19.NOUN CLAUSEà A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun.

a)      Question word in noun clause:

Example: Where does he work? I don’t know he works

b)      Whether – if in noun clause:

Example: Does she live in Jakarta? I don’t know whether she live in Jakarta.

Source:

     1.      en.wikipedia.org

   2.  Cyssco, Dhanny R (2007). Comprehensive English Grammar Preparation For TOEFL. Bekasi: Penerbit Kesaint Blanc.